Construction is the process of building a building or infrastructure. Design differs from manufacturing, which often involves mass production of similar items without a particular buyer, whereas design is typically used on the site for a known customer. The construction sector receives between six and nine per cent of the gross domestic product of the industrialized countries. Construction planning, planning and financing begin. It will continue until the project is created and ready for use. Large production requires cooperation in several disciplines. A project manager usually teaches work and is supervised by a site manager, a designer, a civil or architectural administrator. Those involved in planning and implementation must comply with zoning requirements, the impact of environmental contracts, schedule, budget, site safety, availability and transportation of construction materials, logistics and public problems caused by construction delays and tenders. Major construction projects are sometimes referred to as megaprojects.
Construction is a general term that refers to art and science as the formulation of objects, systems or organizations. It comes from the Latin constructio (from “together” and struere “stack”) and the old French construction. The work is the verb: the work of the building and the name construction: how to build a building, the nature of its structure. In general, there are three sectors of construction: buildings, infrastructure and industry. Building construction is often divided into residential and non-residential buildings (commercial / institutional). Infrastructure is often referred to as heavy civil engineering or heavy engineering, which includes large public works, dams, bridges, highways, railways, water and wastewater systems, and distribution. equipment. Industrial construction includes refineries, chemical processes, power generation, factories and production equipment. There are other ways to divide the sector into sectors or markets.
Engineering News-Record (ENR), a magazine specializing in the construction sector, collects and reports annually on the size of planning and construction companies. In 2014, ENR combines data on nine market segments in the following sectors: transportation, oil, building, electricity, industry, water, production, sanitation / waste, telecommunications, hazardous waste and tenth category for other projects. They use data in their reports. The Standard Industrial Classification and the new North American Industry Classification System have a classification system for companies that own or perform construction work. To identify the differences between companies in this sector, it is divided into three sub-sectors: building construction, civil engineering and specialized trade. There are also categories for construction companies (engineering, architecture) and site managers (companies involved in the management of construction projects without assuming direct financial responsibility for the completion of the construction project).
Building construction is the process of adding real estate structures or building construction. Most construction activities consist of small renovations such as adding a room or renovating a bathroom. Often, the owner of the property acts as the worker, payer and design team for the entire project. Although construction projects are made up of common elements such as design, finance, estimation and legal considerations, projects of different dimensions can lead to undesirable end results, such as: At break of structure , cost overruns and / or litigation. That’s why professionals create detailed plans and carefully monitor the project for positive results. The National Cement Share Company of the new Ethiopian plant of Dire Dawa.
The commercial building is acquired privately or publicly using various means of delivery, including cost estimation, a fixed price, the price of the merchant, traditional management, management, risk management, design and the construction and creation of construction bridges.Techniques, technologies and means of construction for buildings.The most popular residential building in North America is wood-frame construction. The usual steps in building a single-family building or a small building are:Take a test on the artificial ground of a land where construction is planned. With an engineer or a company specializing in field surveys.Develop floor plans and get a list of materials for the estimates (most recently using software estimates). Create structural plans for the foundation and the structure. To complete an engineer or certified architect. To include both the foundation and the master plan.
Get a lot of general ideas
If necessary, get approval from government buildings
Obtain approval from HOA (Property Owners Association) or CRA (Architectural Review Committee) as required
Clean the construction site (possible dismantling of the existing house)
Survey of foundations
Dig the ground floor and dig the foundation (the extent of the work depends on the foundation designed by the engineer)
Install sanitary facilities
Pour a foundation and skirting boards with concrete
Build the basic structure from the large piece of wood and possibly metal beams I for large spaces with some columns. See the framing (construction)
Add floors and ceilings and install underbody panels
Cover exterior walls and roofs with OSB or plywood and an impervious barrier.
Install shingles or other flat covers on the roof
Cover walls with exterior siding, standard vinyl, wood or brick veneer, but may be rock or other materials
Install Windows
Wooden interior wall frame
Add internal plumbing, HVAC, electrical equipment and natural gas
If necessary, visits of building inspectors to authorize the supply and supervision work
Build insulation and drywall panels (cement boards for wet areas) as well as walls and ceilings
Install toilet accessories
Fill interior walls and ceilings, vitality and painting
Additional tile panels for cement for wet areas such as bathrooms and kitchens
Place the top floor such as tiled, carpeted or parquet
Installation of big tools
Unless the original owner builds a house, it is usually sold or rented at that time.
In the industrialized world, building usually means becoming a reality. A formal design team can be formed to plan physical operations and include these operations on the other side. Design is often composed of drawings and specifications, usually developed by a design team made up of architects, civil engineers, engineers, electrical engineers, electrical engineers, civil engineers, engineers firefighters, engineers and engineers. design consultants, architectural consultants and archeology consultants. The design team is often accepted by the owner (ie his contract). With this system, at the end of the design of the design team, some construction companies or construction management companies may be required to submit an offer of work directly on the basis of the design or on the basis of the design. drawings and a nomenclature provided by a quantizer verifier. After reviewing the offers, the owner usually places an order with the lowest cost bidder.
The best trends in modern design are the integration of previously separate domains, especially for large companies. In the past, architects, interior designers, engineers, developers, site managers and general contractors are more likely to form separate companies, even in larger companies. Currently, a company that is in principle an “architectural” or “construction management” company may have experts from all relevant fields as employees or as a partner providing the necessary skills. Thus, each of these companies can afford, from the beginning to the end, as a “one-stop shop” for a construction project. This is called a “design-build” contract in which the contractor receives a performance specification and must implement the project from design to implementation, meeting the performance specifications. Several project structures can be complicated.
Construction projects may suffer from insoluble financial problems. Sub-offers arise when workers need very little money to complete the project. Cash flow problems exist when the amount of current funding can not cover current labor and material costs, and if there is sufficient funding at some point, even if the amount is sufficient. Fraud is a problem in many areas, but is known in the construction industry. Financial planning for this project should ensure that a good plan is in place, with adequate safety and emergency plans, before the project commences. The plan will work smoothly throughout the life of the project.
A construction project must be part of the legal framework of the property. These include the regulations required for the use of the property and the obligations incurred during the construction process. If applicable, the project must comply with the zoning and building code requirements. Building a project that does not stay in the codes does not benefit the owner. Some legal requirements arise from deeper considerations or the desire to prevent the avoidance of bad phenomena, for example. Bridge eruptions or collapse. Additional legal requirements arise from maliciously prohibited considerations or factors that are subject to custom or perspective, for example. A lawyer may request amendments or exceptions to the law governing the land in which the building is built by arguing that a rule is inappropriate (the design of the bridge will not cause a fall) or that custom is no longer necessary (Accept living space and work grew up in the community).
When constructing a building, the municipal building inspector regularly checks the building to ensure that construction activities are in accordance with approved plans and local building codes. When construction is complete and the final inspection is complete, the use permits may be granted. A construction company must comply with the fire protection rules. The fire code is enforced by the local fire department or a city police office.The construction sector is one of the most dangerous jobs in the world, with more job losses in the United States and the European Union than in other sectors. In 2009, the death rate for construction workers in the United States was nearly three times that of all workers, whose fall was one of the most common causes of death and non-fatal injury. Among construction workers. Appropriate safety equipment such as belts, slink hats and guardrails, and procedures.
CONCLUSIONS
A construction project is a complex network of contracts and other legal obligations that all parties must take into account. A contract must replace a series of obligations contracted by two or more parties, but it is not easy to try to ensure that the other party agrees as much as possible in exchange as little as possible. The time component in the building means that the delay is worth the money, and in case of bottlenecks, the delay is very expensive. Contracts must therefore be designed so that each site can meet the specified obligations. Contracts with clear expectations and clear pathways to respond are more likely to result in a smooth project flow, while poorly executed contracts will create confusion and collapse for the sub-organization that manages the construction process. In most cases, this is the community where the building is located. However, the employment of municipal authorities is generally governed by the authority of the owner, who becomes AHJ.Before the foundation can be excavated, contractors usually have to test and label existing supply lines, whether they are utilities themselves or a company that specializes in these services. It reduces the risk of damaging existing water, water, sewer, telephone and cable systems, which can lead to frustration and potentially dangerous situations.
REFERENCES
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